Biography of Charles Babbage Father of the Computer

Charles Babbage (December 26, 1791–October 18, 1871) is known as the Father of the Computer thanks to his work developing prototypes for the first mechanical and programmable computing machines. Fast Facts: Charles Babbage Full Name: Charles BabbageNickname: Father of Computing  Born: December 26, 1791 in Surrey, EnglandParents Names: Benjamin and Elizabeth Pumleigh Teape BabbageDied: October 18, 1871 in London, EnglandEducation: Cambridge UniversityKey Accomplishments: Produced working prototypes of machines that computed and printed mathematical tables.Spouse: Georgiana WhitmoreChildren: 8, 3 of whom survived to adulthood (Dugald, Benjamin, and Henry)Famous Quote: No person will deny that the highest degree of attainable accuracy is an object to be desired, and it is generally found that the last advances towards precision require a greater devotion of time, labour, and expense, than those which precede them. He was a prolific writer, with a wide number of interests including mathematics, engineering, economics, politics, and technology. Among Babbages many inventions were the modern postal system in England, as well as speedometers, and cowcatchers for locomotive engines. But his best-known inventions were undoubtedly his computing machines. Early Years   Charles Babbage was born on December 26, 1791, in Surrey, the eldest of four children born to London banker Benjamin and Elizabeth Pumleigh Teape Babbage. Only he and his sister Mary Ann survived early childhood. The Babbages were a fairly well-to-do family, and as the only surviving son, Charles was sent to the best schools, including Exeter, Enfield, Totnes, and Oxford before finally entering Trinity College at Cambridge in 1810. At Trinity, Babbage read mathematics, and in 1812 he joined Peterhouse at Cambridge University, where he was the top mathematician. While at Peterhouse, he co-founded the Analytical Society, a more-or-less mock scientific society that nevertheless had a membership of some of the best-known young scientists in England. Babbage graduated from Peterhouse in 1814. Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore in Teignmouth on July 2, 1814. His father wanted him to wait until he had enough money to support himself, but still promised his son  £300 per year for life. The younger Babbages eventually had eight children, only three of whom lived to adulthood. After his graduation, Babbage became a lecturer on astronomy at the Royal Institute. He was then elected to a fellowship of the Royal Society in 1816. Inventing The Difference Engine In the early 19th century, navigation, astronomical, and actuarial tables were vital pieces of the burgeoning industrial age. In navigation, they were used to calculate time, tides, currents, winds, positions of the sun and moon, coastlines, and latitudes. The tables were laboriously constructed by hand at the time: inaccurate tables led to disastrous delays and even loss of ships. Charles Babbages Difference Engine No 1, prototype calculating machine, 1824–1832, assembled in 1832 by Joseph Clement, a skilled toolmaker and draftsman.   Ann Ronan Pictures / Print Collector / Getty Images Babbage began creating a machine to produce those tables mechanically in 1819. By 1823, he described it as a machine which would tabulate calculations for up to 20 decimal places. It was called the Difference Engine, after the principle of finite differences. That principle is a mathematical method of resolving polynomial expressions by addition,  and thus resolvable by simple machinery. In 1827, Babbages wife and father died, as well as two of his children. From his fathers estate, he inherited  £100,000. To a large degree, that inheritance made it possible for Babbage to dedicate his life to his machines.   Government Support Babbage had seen the Jacquard loom, a weaving machine built in 1801, which was cranked by hand and driven by instructions delivered by punch cards. He wanted to build an infallible steam-driven or hand-cranked calculating machine that would calculate and print tables. After the prototype for the Difference Engine was constructed in 1823, Babbages project was funded by an enthusiastic British government.   Babbage himself built several prototypes of the Difference Engine, but despite these partial successes, the British government ceased funding the project in 1832, after a decade without a working model. The project was officially ended in 1842.   Later, the Swedish printer Per Georg Scheutz (1785–1873) successfully constructed a marketable machine based on Babbages work, known as the Scheutzian calculation engine. While imperfect and about the size of a grand piano, the engine was demonstrated in Paris in 1855, and versions were sold to the U.S. and British governments.   Analytical Engine   By 1834, Babbage had ceased work on the Difference Engine and began to plan for a larger and more comprehensive machine: the Analytical Engine. Babbages new machine was an enormous step forward. It would be built to calculate more than one mathematical task: in other words, it would be what we call today programmable.   Non Functional Model of Charles Babbages Analytical Engine, built for Babbage about 1870. Getty Images / De Agostini Picture Library Babbage proposed that his new machine would be fed by Jacquard-type punch cards, read by mechanical feelers. It incorporated memory storage and anticipated modern computer techniques such as condition transfer so that intermediate calculations would automatically direct the machine to modify its own program.   Babbage continued to devote most of his time and fortune to the construction of the Analytical Engine, but he never got any of his various versions to work.  Engineering technology of the time simply did not exist for the precision required by his machine and its printer.   Meeting Ada Lovelace   Babbage met Ada Byron (1815–1852), the daughter of the poet Lord Byron and later Countess of Lovelace, on June 5, 1833. She was 17 years old. Ada and her mother attended one of Babbages lectures, and after some correspondence, Babbage invited them to see a small scale version of the Difference Engine. Ada was fascinated, and she requested and received copies of the blueprints of the Difference Engine. She and her mother visited factories to see other machines at work.   Ada Lovelace is credited as the worlds first programmer for the help she gave computer pioneer Charles Babbage, painted circa 1840. Donaldson Collections/Getty Images Ada Lovelace read widely and studied with two of the best mathematicians of her day: Augustus De Morgan and Mary Somerville. After she translated Luigi Menabrea’s Notions sur la Machine Analytique de M. Charles Babbage, she sent Babbage a copy. He responded that she could have written the article herself, and Lovelace embarked upon additional work on the translation, adding detailed appendices and footnotes to the content. This document essentially described how to program the Difference Engine, making Ada Byron Lovelace the worlds first programmer.   Legacy and Death Babbage died at home in London on October 18, 1871. His son Henry continued Babbages work, but like his father, Henry was unable to build a completely functioning machine. Another of his sons, Benjamin, emigrated to South Australia, where many of Babbages papers and pieces of the prototypes were discovered in 2015.   A modern, functional version of Babbages Difference Engine was successfully built in 1991 by Doron Swade, Curator at Londons Science Museum. It is accurate to 31 digits, has 4,000 parts, and weighs over three metric tons. The printer, completed in 2000, had another 4,000 parts and weighed 2.5 metric tons. Swade is part of Plan 28, an attempt to build a working Analytical Engine.   Charles Babbage was one of the most influential figures in the development of technology. His machines served as the intellectual predecessor to a wide range of industrial and computing techniques. In addition, he is considered a significant figure in 19th century English society. He published six monographs and at least 86 papers, and he gave lectures on topics ranging from cryptography and statistics to the interaction between scientific theory and industrial practices. He was a major influence on economists, including John Stuart Mill to Karl Marx. Sources Babbage, Charles. Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. The Works of Charles Babbage. Ed. Campbell-Kelly, Martin. Vol. 11. London: William Pickering, 1864. Print.Bromley, A. G. Charles Babbages Analytical Engine, 1838. Annals of the History of Computing 4.3 (1982): 196–217. Print.Cook, Simon. Minds, Machines and Economic Agents: Cambridge Receptions of Boole and Babbage. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 36.2 (2005): 331–50. Print.Crowley, Mary L. The Difference in Babbages Difference Engine. The Mathematics Teacher 78.5 (1985): 366–54. Print.Franksen, Ole Immanuel. Babbage and Cryptography. Or, the Mystery of Admiral Beauforts Cipher. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 35.4 (1993): 327–67. Print.Hollings, Christopher, Ursula Martin, and Adrian Rice. The Early Mathematical Education of Ada Lovelace. BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 32.3 (2017): 221–34. Print.Hyman, Anthony. Charle s Babbage, Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982. Print.Kuskey, Jessica. Math and the Mechanical Mind: Charles Babbage, Charles Dickens, and Mental Labor in Little Dorrit. Dickens Studies Annual 45 (2014): 247–74. Print.Lindgren, Michael. Glory and Failure:  The Difference Engines of Johann Mà ¼ller, Charles Babbage, and Georg and Edvard Scheutz. Trans. McKay, Craig G. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990. Print.

Causes of the American Revolution Essay - 912 Words

Following the French Revolution of the late 18th century, Goethe, a German writer, declared that a great revolution is never the fault of the people, but of the government (ThinkExist). However, his statement also mirrored the events that have taken place several decades earlier, on the North American continent, when the British administration have helped to ignite a major social uprising among colonists. The American Revolution (1763-1789) was generated by an amalgam of factors, translated into a dissonance between the British perspective on the colonies and the American colonial reality. The causes of the American movement for independence range from the benign neglect policy, the post-French-Indian war deals, the British taxation and†¦show more content†¦On the other side of the story, Crà ¨vecoeur gives the definition of an American – one who is treated equal and is paid fair, has opportunities to prosper in exchange for hard work, and can become a free man, inve sted with land (Crà ¨vecoeur, 47-48). This primary source, written in 1770, proves that six years prior to the Declaration of Independence, the notion of American was already implanted in the minds of colonists. As a result, besides the geographic dimension, a more powerful social element has contributed to splitting the Crown from its colonies. Consequentially to the rising territorial disputes between the French and the British in the 1750s, an offensive of the state of Virginia, under the commandment of George Washington, triggered the nine-year long French and Indian War. The other colonies were also dragged into the conflict. Although the English side had encountered significant losses in the dawn of the confrontation, it has managed to win the war under the command of William Pitt (Davidson, 138-139). The significant fact in this war, relevant to the American Revolution, was the agreement of the English colonial troops to participate in the conflagration if Britain will pay for the war expenses. As a result of winning the war, the colonies had high expectations of lower taxes, easier expansion into the west, while they alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. I t was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesas the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. 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These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe American revolution was a period in time when tensions began to rise between the people of Great Britain s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government. It took the colonists nearly a decade before they had had enough of the british. The British had tried to increase taxes. With the taxes increasing it caused the colonists to become very upset with the British. Causing them to meet the Britishes taxing by a heated protest about wanting the same rights as other British citizens. It

Second Guess Decisions Of The Directors †Myassihgnmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Second Guess Decisions Of The Directors? Answer: Introduction The business has become very risky and troublesome and Courts have stopped to second guess the decisions of the directors, if the directors do their duties and responsibilities properly. The directors are supposed to have acted according to and keeping the best interest of the company. The Courts do not interfere in the decision of the director unless otherwise required and if the directors have acted against the norms and regulations. The directors will then be required to face actions for their negligence in their work. This principle which shields the directors from all is called the business management judgment principle. In Australia, these principles which have been set out in the Act or the statute and it is commonly known as the business judgment rule. Identify the Facts of the Case Australian Securities and Investment Commission vs Rich is one of the famous case which was held in the Australian Supreme Court where the ASIC has accused the directors and held them liable for the telecommunication company Rich. One Tel is one of the largest telecommunication companies in Australia and it got calls from one of its shareholders Rich then the company expanded and then the company made a $600 million and committed to build a fourth mobile network. After that the Australian company became one of the largest companies having $1 Billion turnover. The directors failed to do the duties properly and which led the company to collapse. It took almost nine years to generate a resolution (Barnes, 2013). In 2009, Austin Judge of the Supreme Court of South Wales have handed the decision of ASIC proceedings against the director of One Tel Ltd, Mark. In the case the defendant must believe that the judgment is in the best interest of the Corporation under section 180(2)(d) of the Act. Explain the relevant law relating to the case In New South Wales, the Supreme Court held in the case where the Chairman of the company had special responsibilities. It was held in the Corporation Act, 2001 which imposed care and diligence on the directors of the listed company and this lead to imposition of fines and duties reflecting community expectation. The duty of the director was onerous and this was the reason for which there was a duty charged on the directors. The case came as a warning to the directors as they need to fulfill the additional responsibilities which the law has placed for them which were beyond the duties which they owed according to their experience and expertise (Campbell, 2015). The telecommunication company which failed applied to the ASIC which was going through the striking procedure of and winding up. As per section 180(1) of the Corporation Act, 2001 which states that if an director must do its duties with care and diligence and shall be responsible for any defaults during the time they hold the office and they are acting as behalf as a director of the corporation or the company and is carrying out such responsibilities (Coffee, Sale, and Henderson, 2015). ASIC according to the section 180(1), tells that Mr Greaves had special responsibility by virtue of the position of the company. ASIC have argued that Mr Greaves was given the responsibility due to his experience or expertise. The word responsibility refers to the delegation of duties of by the Corporation and mentioned in the Articles of Association. The Court held that the term responsibility means it is not only delegation of duties but also those expectation placed by the company on the shoulders of the director. The evidence of ASIC, which was accepted by the Court and which had reasonable cause of action. ASIC had given affidavit from the two prominent chairmen claiming reasonable and careful evidence where it was show that the director has certain rights and duties towards the company (Drexler, Black and Sparks , 2016). ASIC pleaded that Mr Greaves should have taken reasonable steps to ensure that the directors are responsible for their duties. ASIC saw that the responsibilities of the company held by the director are met which had a burden from the company (Kraakman, Armour and Davies, 2017). Discuss the legal arguments raised by the parties in case In the course of the litigation ASIC claimed that the defendant Mr Greaves have contravened the provisions of the Corporation Act, 2001 and this requires the director to use the due diligence and care and this helps in exercising and imposing their power in giving their duties. ASIC claimed that few months ago they appointed One Tel and the company had breach of their contract on the following grounds. The defendant failed to do the duties and ASIC claimed on the following grounds: Proper assessment of One Tels financial condition To inform the board of directors on the actual and true position of the One Tel A proper system which helps in proper flow of the information to the board of directors (Welch et al 2016). Justice Austin then reviewed the case and got the evidence that ASIC : As per section 180(1) of the Act it is a standard of the conduct and therefore all the directors must adhere to the code of conducts. The business judgment rule as set in section 180(2) sets as a defense to the contravention to the section 180(1).As per the Explanatory Memorandum bill that says that the safe harbor provisions are used to protect the directors from taking any advantage of the operations which involves the risk of the company (Lin, 2017). Summarize the judgment of the case The business judgment in the case of ASIC V Rich As per section180 (2)(d) which requires a board or the director to believe that the judgment is done thinking of the best interest of the company. It further believes that the judgment is a rational one and it. Since the judgment defines rational belief and the reasonable person it is therefore argued that it offers nothing but window dressing (Mitchell et al, 2016). In the submission made by ASIC which had contended to the section 180(2)(d) and by the definition of the rational belief and the directors had believed against the standard for reasonableness and therefore ASIC told that there cannot be multiple directors. The Court His Honor held that, It is plausible to say that the drafters to the definition of the rationally believe intended to capture the latter idea where the directors believe would be a latter one. It thinks rationally and is based on the reasoning, but it wouldnt be considered so if there was no arguable reasoning process. ASIC contention was that it was apparent and superficial appeal but with time it was proved that the case was not persuasive when there was an investigation held of the underlying details of the investigated matter (Pearson, 2016). Instead they focused the matter on the two specific aspects of the judgments which are made for the interest to Directors going forward, namely: The criticisms which have been discussed of ASICs handling of the case; and Austin Judge have made the analysis of the business judgment rule Case Analysis In the case study Judge decided that AISC failed to prove the above case against the director of the company. AISC have bought the civil proceeding which was initially bought by AISC against the defendants. AISC alleged that the defendants which were the company had failed to disclose about the true financial picture or position of the organization or company to the board of directors of the company (Peden, 2017). The focus for the argument above was based on the fact whether ASIC had proved to the Court its true financial position in the January- April 2001 period. On conclusion the Judge asked to determine that who is at default and is blamed for the disaster amongst the defendant and the directors and the non executive directors. Even though there was huge amount of effort devoted by those proceedings by all, including the parties and the advisors and the Court (Posner, 2014). The Judgment Rule was conveyed Under section 180(1) of the Act it is the directors duty of care which is an objective for reasonable standard for a person. According to Judge, the objective for the standard in case is that the officer had knowledge and expertise of the persons in the same way as recognized as the persons was charged with a contravention and therefore recourse is to be held in case of the evidence of the experienced people who have occupied the same offices. The Judgment in the rule which is contained as per section 180(2) of the Act and which essentially provides for the defense to an alleged contravention as contained under the section 180(1) in circumstances where the director or the officer had made the business judgment and any decision which was to be taken in respect if the matters which were relevant. The directors satisfied on following grounds: 1) The judgment which has been made is for the company and it is made for the people and it is in good faith and for a proper and particular purpose 2) The director or officer of the company do not have any material or any personal or internal interest in respect of the matter given by the Court of thejudgment; 3) The director or officer or the management of the company has been informed about the matter to which the judgment relates, and (Young and Huo, 2016). 4) The director or officer or management of the company believes rationally that the judgment which is given by the Court is of the best interest of the of the corporation and it is treated that the directors are able to rationally believe and that the Courts judgment is given and it is in the best interests of the corporation or the organization. Thus the Court, Austin Js judgment provides a thorough analysis of the above elements and of the rule. In particular it is seen that the Court have also high lighten the significance identified by His Honor (Wolfe and Pittenger, 2016) Onus of Proof of the Case The Austin Judge has an onus of proof on the following grounds of the business judgment: The words which are to the extent is reasonable and is to the believe that they convey that protection is available even though the directors are not aware about the decision or information and it is reasonably believed that steps can be taken for decision making for the particular subject matter. Instead, Austin J concluded on a note that the operational belief that the rule is satisfied and that the evidence shows that the defendant is of the belief that the judgment is of the best interest of the corporation and that belief was supported by a reasoning process sufficient to warrant describing it as a rational belief, as defined, whether or not the reasoning process is objectively a convincing one. Conclusion In order to conclude in the above case of ASIC vs Rich, the ASIC is not able to provide any correct evidence to win the case. The case concludes and ASIC did not appeal the decision which was given by the Judge. The option for this and that of a modified business judgment rule which would apply to the directors duty, under section 588G of the Act, to prevent insolvent trading. Submissions on behalf of several company and this organizations supported that very option. If the purpose of the statutory business judgment rule is to provide a genuine?safe harbor?for directors, the words should be removed. A repeal of the definition will achieve greater clarity and certainty for all concerned. There has been clear evidence that ASIC took a lesson from the Judgment given by the Court. In future the ASIC will be able to narrow down their scope and in the enforcement of the activities for doing that particular activity. This would cause civil penalty proceedings. The decision of the Court confirms that the directors have the potential to make a commercial decision in the regard of the case and this is coupled with the belief to remain reasonable. References Barnes, L.R., 2013. The Albatross Around the Neck of Company Directors: A Journey Through Case Law, Legislation and Corporate Governance. Campbell, J.C., 2015. Corporate Law, the Courts and Corporate Personality. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Drexler, D.A., Black Jr, L.S. and Sparks III, A.G., 2016.Dividends(Vol. 1). Delaware business Law and Practice. Kraakman, R., Armour, J. and Davies, P., 2017.The anatomy of corporate law: a comparative and functional approach. Oxford University Press. Lin, P., 2017. Rethinking" Contract" and" Corporation" A Comparative Research of Like Cases on Valuation Adjustment Mechanism Between China and US.Peking University Law Journal,1, p.015. Mitchell, R.K., Weaver, G.R., Agle, B.R., Bailey, A.D. and Carlson, J., 2016. Stakeholder agency and social welfare: Pluralism and decision making in the multi-objective corporation.Academy of Management Review,41(2), pp.252-275. Pearson, G., 2016. Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed.Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions, p.185. Peden, E., 2017. Civil and criminal liability of directors and officers of sporting clubs.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,31(1), p.12. Posner, R.A., 2014.Economic analysis of law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Welch, E.P., Saunders, R.S., Land, A.L., Turezyn, A.J. and Voss, J.C., 2016.Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law: Fundamentals. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Welsh, M., 2014. Realising the public potential of corporate law: Twenty years of civil penalty enforcement in Australia.Fed. L. Rev.,42, p.217. Wolfe Jr, D.J. and Pittenger, M.A., 2016.Appeals and Certification of Questions of Law to the Supreme Court of Delaware(Vol. 1). Corp and Commercial Practice in the Delaware Court of Chancery. Young, A. and Huo, C., 2016. New Risk Management Requirements in Hong Kongs Corporate Governance Code.Finance, Rule of Law and Development in Asia: Perspectives from Singapore, Hong Kong and Mainland China, p.261.

Understanding the Strengths of Corporate Social Responsibility The Case of Coca Cola

Introduction The issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR), manifested as a firm’s caring endeavours for its workers, stakeholders and the environment, is of momentous value for academics and contemporary business practitioners (Delios, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Strengths of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Coca Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prevalent external observations that a firm continually engages in socially irresponsible practices often bring undesirable ramifications for the firm in question, since external literature demonstrates that an entity’s success – indeed its survival in the harshly competitive business environment – largely depends on satisfying normative demands and expectations arising from the environment (Lange Washburn, 2012). When organisational action on social and environmental domains seems ethically untenable to the standards set by stakeholders and other constituents, the firm not only risks losing key members of staff and potential employees, but also its outside endorsement, reputation and support, as well as its customers and investors (Raman, 2007). T hrough highlighting Coca Cola’s CSR initiatives, the present paper purposes to demonstrate that social responsibility, rather than economic conquest, provides the needed impetus for modern-day organisations to reach the pinnacle of business success. Coca Cola: Precursors to its Social Responsibility Initiatives With a huge and sustained presence in thousands of communities across more than 200 countries worldwide, Coca Cola, headquartered in Atlanta, is undoubtedly the world’s largest multinational corporation interested in the soft drinks and beverage industry (Madhavan, 2012). In 2010, the corporation was ranked in the 70th position by Fortune 500, with sales revenue of $35,119 million and profits of $11,809 m illion (CNNMoney, 2012). The company has a labour force of 71,000 employees, with 83 percent of them working in other countries outside the United States (Dorfman et al., 2012). Despite Coca Cola’s huge presence and attractive profits, it can be argued with near certainty that the journey to financial independence and world dominance has not been rosy, especially prior to the corporation’s realization of the importance of incorporating social responsibility initiatives into its business processes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Extant literature demonstrate that the global soft drinks giant has come under attack in various countries including the United States, Columbia, Guatemala, Zimbabwe and the Philippines for engaging in socially irresponsible actions, such as discriminating against black employees, poor working conditions for migrant workers, as well as the assassinations of trade union officials and union-affiliated employees (Raman, 2007). In India, for instance, Coca Cola’s operations were halted in the 1980’s after it became apparent that the company was engaged in thoughtless ecological degradation that laid the land to waste, not mentioning that the poisonous content of the soft drinks received sustained condemnation from villagers, non-governmental organisations and trade activists (Madhavan, 2012). The corporation was only able to resume operations in the country in 1991 after it demonstrated a sustained imperative to care for society. Recently, Coca Cola has been on the spotlight because its sugary beverages and soft drinks have been implicated in the global obesity crisis (Dorfman et al., 2012). Coca Cola: Strengths of Corporate Social Responsibility Coca Cola has been able to rise above the challenges presented above through the employment of elaborate, expensive, multinational CSR initiatives (Dorfman et a l., 2012). Extant literature demonstrates that CSR â€Å"†¦ensures that a company does business in an ethical manner and is accountable for the social and environmental impacts that the business creates for the society† (Madhavan, 2012, p. 94). Through CSR initiatives such as â€Å"Live Positively†, Coca Cola now sees its sustainability initiatives first and foremost as the right thing to do in a world where populations are growing rapidly, natural resources are stressed beyond limits, societies are increasingly forced to do more with less, and consumer demands and expectations are expanding beyond the reach of most companies (Dorfman et al., 2012). If these assertions are analyzed using the cost-benefit lens, it becomes obvious that sustainability efforts, rather than the pursuit of financial success, is core to the business continuity of Coca Cola since business and financial success can only be sustainable if the people and communities interacting with the corp oration are sustainable and enriched along the way. Coca Cola’s past mistakes in countries such as India and the Philippines, as well as the resulting consequences in diminished revenues and tarnished reputation (Raman, 2007), amicably demonstrate that organisations that act in a socially irresponsible manner not only find it challenging to attract key staff, customers and investors, but also risk arming competitors with deadly arsenal that could be used against them in competition (Lange Washburn, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Strengths of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Coca Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The corporation’s counter-normative overtures in India, for instance, led to undesirable consequences in the form of â€Å"†¦lawsuits, financial losses through settlements and sales declines, increases in the cost of capital, market share det erioration, network partner loss, and other costs associated with negative reputation† (Large Washburn, 2012, p. 300). All these consequences bear a financial underpinning because an organisation cannot purport to be profitable if it loses its key members of staff and customers, or if its market share become obsolete as was the case of Coca Cola in India during the decade of the 1980s. It therefore follows that CSR initiatives, rather than profit concerns, should be the cornerstone for business success and prosperity. Today, more than ever, it is common knowledge that CSR initiatives â€Å"†¦can boost a firm’s bottom line both directly through sales and indirectly by moderating the risk for regulation and improving the overall business climate† (Dorfman et al., 2012, p. 2). This assertion, more than anything else, attempts to demonstrate that CSR initiatives can indeed be used to trigger organisational performance and competitiveness, with the view to accum ulate more profits for the firm as well as its shareholders. However, a firm’s financial success cannot be used as a measuring stick for engaging in CSR activities. A case in point is the Coca Cola’s â€Å"Live Positively† CSR campaign, which is embedded in the firm’s commitment to trigger a positive difference in the world through focusing in critical spheres of Marketplace, Workplace, Society, and Environment (Banerjee, 2010). The â€Å"Live Positively† campaign has not only provided tips for the corporation’s consumers to live active lifestyles and protect the environment, but continues to support charitable projects in underserved communities, with the view to encourage healthy living (Dorfman et al., 2012). It is needless to say that this campaign has shielded the company from accusations of causing or fuelling obesity among the youth. However, the implication for practice is premised on the fact that the campaign has enabled Coca Cola to drive its profits and market share, and not vice versa.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another important point, which is intrinsically related to the previous one, is that CSR initiatives help organisations to direct the responsibility for any undesirable consequences from the corporations onto its direct as well as indirect consumers (Large Washburn, 2012). Critics may counter this argument by saying that it is ethically inappropriate to do that, but the bottom-line is always premised on image and reputation protection. As postulated by Raman (2007), no organisation can afford to remain profitable when its reputation is at stake, and thus all attempts must be made to ensure that the image and reputation are shielded. In the Coca Cola’s case, academics and mainstream commentators have argued that the â€Å"Live Positively† campaign is only a mere tactic that is used by the soft drinks giant to redirect the responsibility for health outcomes from the firm onto its customers, â€Å"†¦and externalize the negative effects of increased obesity to the p ublic† (Dorfman et al., 2012, p. 3). This argument may be true depending on the context of analysis; however, the bottom-line as per the requirements of this essay is that Coca Cola has been successful in using the CSR campaign to demonstrate that consumer’s bad lifestyle habits, rather than the firm’s sugary soft drinks, are to blame for the increased cases of obesity. This way, the company is able to maintain its market share and, by extension, drive profitability and competitiveness. Conclusion The arguments used in this paper have demonstrated that CSR initiatives, rather than economic or financial conquest, provide the needed impetus for contemporary firms to reach the pinnacle of business success. The major implication is that firms must always have in place comprehensive CSR policies and strategies if they expect to spur economic and financial success. Of course profitability and performance are important constructs for shareholders since a firm’s e xistence can only be justified if it is able to provide financial returns to its owners (Gilbert et al., 2011), but the present paper provides useful insights on how firms can go about strengthening their profit margins by first reinforcing CSR initiatives. Coca Cola has been able to maintain a huge global presence and an attractive revenue base by following this orientation. References Banerjee, S.B. (2010). Governing the global corporation: A critical perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(2), 265-274. CNNMoney. (2012). Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/snapshots/100.html Delios, A. (2010). How can Organisations be competitive but dare to care? Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 25-36. Dorfman, L., Cheyne, A., Friedman, L.C., Wadud, A., Gottlieb, M. (2012). Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: How do they compare? PLoS Medicine, 9(6), 1.7. Gilbert, D.U., Rasche, A., Waddock, S. (2011). Accountabilit y in a global economy: The emergence of international accountability standards. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(1), 23-44. Lange, D., Washburn, N.T. (2012). Understanding attributions of corporate social irresponsibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), 300-326. Madhavan, A. (2012). CSR at Coca Cola. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 37(2), 94-98. Raman, K.R. (2007). Community-Coca-Cola interface: Political-anthropological concerns on corporate social responsibility. Social Analysis, 51(3), 103-120. This essay on Understanding the Strengths of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Coca Cola was written and submitted by user Kat Farrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare

Death Of A Salesman vs. Hamlet Willy Loman and Hamlet are two characters so alike, yet are so different. Both are perfect examples of tragedy in literature. According to Webster’s Dictionary a tragedy is defined as a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror, the literary genre of tragic dramas. Hamlet follows this to a "T". Death of a Salesman Willy Loman also follows these guidelines of a picture perfect tragedy. Compare the two characters and decide for your self how much they have in common. Hamlet is a rich young price of high moral estate and suddenly has his joyous life ripped away from him when his father, Hamlet Sr., suddenly passes away. After the death of his father, Hamlet has no reason to point blame at anyone, as there is nothing to make him believe that his father was killed unjustly. It is not until his fathers’ ghost appears to him that he is aware of a killer. He then says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge.† (Act 1, Scene 5,). But by the end of the scene he says â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite that I was ever born to set it right.† (Act 1, Scene5) showing that he is no longer in such a hurry for the murder of Claudius. This could be due to the fact that the appearance of his father’s ghost may not seem very reliable to him as he questions his own sanity over what he thinks he should do. Unlike Laertes, Hamlet has deep consideration for his soul being damned on account of his actions to avenge his father. He co ndemns himself throughout the play for being a coward. Though originally thought to be of natural causes, it is now revealed to him through his father's ghost, that dear old... Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare Death Of A Salesman vs. Hamlet Willy Loman and Hamlet are two characters so alike, yet are so different. Both are perfect examples of tragedy in literature. According to Webster’s Dictionary a tragedy is defined as a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror, the literary genre of tragic dramas. Hamlet follows this to a "T". Death of a Salesman Willy Loman also follows these guidelines of a picture perfect tragedy. Compare the two characters and decide for your self how much they have in common. Hamlet is a rich young price of high moral estate and suddenly has his joyous life ripped away from him when his father, Hamlet Sr., suddenly passes away. After the death of his father, Hamlet has no reason to point blame at anyone, as there is nothing to make him believe that his father was killed unjustly. It is not until his fathers’ ghost appears to him that he is aware of a killer. He then says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge.† (Act 1, Scene 5,). But by the end of the scene he says â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite that I was ever born to set it right.† (Act 1, Scene5) showing that he is no longer in such a hurry for the murder of Claudius. This could be due to the fact that the appearance of his father’s ghost may not seem very reliable to him as he questions his own sanity over what he thinks he should do. Unlike Laertes, Hamlet has deep consideration for his soul being damned on account of his actions to avenge his father. He co ndemns himself throughout the play for being a coward. Though originally thought to be of natural causes, it is now revealed to him through his father's ghost, that dear old...

Essay on Language Variation

Essay on Language Variation Essay on Language Variation Introduction The following conversation is between Andy an American businessman doing business in London and Carter a British native based in London. The two men are based in the insurance industry. The conversation will be used to differentiate between the American and British language. The readers of the conversation will be in a position to understand various language components. The idea behind the conversation is to understand the importance of linguistic variations. Andy: what is the main factor affecting insurance business in the United Kingdom? Carter: The market viability determines the level of insurance penetration. This is manifested by the manner in which the market operates in the long run. A good example is a smaller and larger market size. A smaller market segment implies that the insurance business will not thrive to the maximum. Insurance is all about numbers and understanding how to make adjustments within the course of operations. It should be noted that other factors determine the penetration mechanism. This is an indication that a bigger market size would be better suited to encourage the growth of insurance. Andy: There is a lot of stuff going on within the insurance sector in the United Kingdom. From my point of view, I think the insurance industry in the United Kingdom is undergoing a different phase as compared to the American market. It is clear that the UK market is undergoing a series of changes aimed at making the industry viable. This is evidenced by the manner in which the industry is undergoing challenges. Unlike the American market, the British market is still on the phase of adapting to the changing environment. This means that the level of insurance penetration is minimal as compared to the situation in the United States. Carter: A rough analysis of the American market indicates that the American market is ahead of the British market. As mentioned in the previous section, the American market is stable and more developed as compared to the British market. The American market has undergone numerous developmental phases before the British market. This implies that the American market has integrated the ideals of a stable industry. The American market has consolidated important market components. This has consequently led to a situation where the market dimension of the American market is stable and comprehensive as compared to the British market. Andy: As an operator in the insurance industry, I must admit that the insurance industry in the United States operates on a different platform as compared to the situation in Britain. The American insurance industry is composed of regulatory frameworks and other market components which consolidate the sector. Time and again, the American market has been involved in turbulent times. This implies that the sector has developed after years of repair. The above explanation is an indication that the American market is miles ahead of the British market. The British market has to develop numerous tools required for operation before reaching the level attained by the American market. Carter: I support the assertion that the American market is consolidated as compared to the British market. The British market is less developed as compared to the American market. The American market has been developed after years of making changes. The changes made in the American insurance sector have been instrumental in terms of leveraging the market. This was a step in the right direction. Linguistic variables The linguistic variables used in the conversation have been instrumental in terms of differentiating between the British and American language. From the conversation, it is clear that variables are vital in terms of determining various components of a given language. The approach used in presenting the linguistic variables has gone a long way in terms of giving each language the required consolidation. The linguistic approach used in both approaches is manifested by the manner in which words have been interchanged. It should be noted that the American and British language differ in meaning and pronunciation. The pronunciation used in the British language is different as compared to pronunciation in the American accent. The extent of pronunciation is explained from the perspective of vowels used. For example, a word with the same meaning could be used in the American and British accent. In the paper, the pronunciation could be similar, but the difference is noted when it comes to pronunciation. The mode of pronunciation is evident between the conversation of Andy and Carter. Carter is fond of using British accent in words and explanation. The mode of using the English language is based on the environment in which the person lives. The conversation between Andy and Carter is an indication that the environment determines the language selection of a person. The environmental aspect has affected the linguistic tone used by Andy and Carter. From the conversation, it is crystal clear that vowels determine the language aptitude adopted by an individual. The vowel variation has played an important role in determining the language selection used by both speakers. It should be noted that vowels have played a major role in terms of differentiating between the American and English language. From an expertise point of view, vowel variation speaks volumes about the language tone used. In addition, the language tone is dependent on the manner in which vowels are arranged. Lexicons The lexical arrangement used in the British and American accent is another component that can be used for analysis. The lexicon approach used in the British accent is advanced as compared to the American accent. The American accent is composed of simple lexical arrangements as compared to the British accent. The British accent has more lexical arrangements. They are intertwined with vowels. The mixture of lexicons and vowels is the main distinguishing aspect between the American and English accent. Lexicons like vowels determine the extent of tone variation. The tone variation attained from lexicons is an important component of language selection. Vowels The vowel arrangement has a way with determining the language variation used. A good example is the American and British language. The vowel arrangement used in English is different as compared to vowel arrangement in the American accent. The American accent has a different vowel arrangement as compared to the British accent. For example, the British accent has a mixture of vowels within a sentence. The British accent has a mixture of vowels. The vowel mixture within the British language has been phenomenal. As mentioned in the previous section, the vowel variation in a sentence determines the overall meaning. This is to mean that vowel variation creates a difference in language selection. The language selection is determined by vowels. If you need a professional paper writing service to order custom essays online from, visit our company .

This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look Essay

This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look assignment criteria for topic - Essay Example However, in 2008 the notions of the impeding scarcity had a reverse effect with the producers wanting to make a large profit before the reserveswere depleted. This saw the prices rise continually. At that rate the country would be spending many billions of dollars on importation of petroleum and natural gas. This would create a distress in the economy because of the increased trade deficit. It is true that Asia is the new ground zero for growth of energy consumption.it is also true that Asia will be responsible for 85% of the energy consumption growth on the planet in the next 20 years. This has seen Russia try to form ties with the east to establish a proper market for its hydrocarbon exports3. The obvious deduction from this would be that Russia would wield more geopolitical power in the next few decades, which is not likely to be the case4. The current technological advancements have enabled rapid expansion of the shale gas industry in the US. In a decade, the industry has grown dramatically with the product now in abundant supply,seeing drastic reduction in prices. The policy debate has snow shifted to how much of the nation’s energy resource should be exported. The strengthening of the US’ geopolitical strength due to the shift in paradigms of the global energy market has greatly hindered China’s attempt to be the global leader. The best way to counter this influence would be to weaken the alliances that the US has with states in the region. The result has been the heightening of maritime tensions in the region with the East China Sea conflict providing a good illustration5. Both China and japan lay claim to a number of geographical features found in the sea. The features that comprise of a few islands and territorial waters could provide energy reserves and fishing grounds6. However, this is not the only reason behind the conflict. The key issue is that the waters are important choke